Neurofeedback in ADHD

Neurofeedback is an operant learning procedure where participants learn to gain self-control over specific aspects of neural activity. Thus, depending on the neurofeedback protocol applied behavioural, cognitive and / or emotional effects can be induced. Different assumptions about mechanisms, moderators and mediators of neurofeedback exist, associated with different ways of application. 
EEG-based neurofeedback is used as a therapeutic approach in attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a clinically and pathophysiologically heterogeneous child psychiatric disorder. There is increasing evidence for specific effects of neurofeedback when applying 'standard' protocols (slow cortical potentials, theta/beta, SMR). Knowledge about underlying mechanisms and moderating variables is increasing. Nevertheless, further well-controlled and conducted trials are needed to answer open questions concerning optimisation and individualisation of neurofeedback training. Further improvements may be expected from new methodical and technical developments (e.g., tomographic neurofeedback) and new concepts (integrated ADHD treatment). 
The Frontiers Reserach Topic intends to provide answers to the following questions concerning neurofeedback in ADHD: 
• How efficacious is neurofeedback / does a certain neurofeedback protocol work? 
• What is the rationale of applying a certain neurofeedback protocol in ADHD? 
• What are central mechanisms and which moderating variables may affect training outcome? 
• How to optimise treatment? What are new developments and which benefits may be expected?


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