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For Horkheimer too, though, the point which was ultimately decisive was his indignation about the fact that, in bourgeois-capitalist society, rational action which was responsible towards the general public and whose consequences for the public could also be calculated beforehand was not possible, and that even particularly privileged individuals and society as a whole were alienated from one another.

Only Horkheimer's thinking drew its main force from indignation at the injustices being perpetrated on those who were exploited and humiliated.

tried to show that under capitalism all paths were blocked, that one came up everywhere against an invisible barrier, and that humanity could thus not achieve authentic existence