Reasonable Alternatives to the Two Big Problems in 20th-Century Physics

The root cause of the biggest problem in 20th-century physics, the “special theory of relativity”, is actually the incorrectly accepted and maintained for more than 100 years “postulate of the constancy of the speed of light for all frames of reference”. The reason for the emergence of this postulate is the incorrect interpretation of the famous “Michelson-Morley experiment”. This experiment was based on the inappropriate conceptual design used in Michelson’s “two-way interferometer”. All other known experiments: the Sagnac experiment in 1912, the “Michelson-Gale-Pearson” experiment in 1925, and the “One-way measurement of the speed of light” experiments carried out in recent years, indisputably prove that the MEASURED speed of light is not the same for all frames of reference. The measured speed of light in the frame of reference related to the Earth’s surface differs from the “speed of light in vacuum”, and this difference varies depending on the latitude (proven by Michelson himself back in 1925 with the articles «The Effect of the Earth’s Rotation on the Velocity of Light I and II”). Michelson’s “two-way interferometer” in the Michelson-Morley experiment uses exactly the same path in two directions for each arm. That is why the existing difference in the speed of light in both opposite directions in the frame of reference related to the Earth’s surface, caused by the Earth’s rotation around its axis, cannot be established. This is because this difference in the speed of light is completely and accurately compensated for each arm and for any direction of the arm.

On the other hand, the speed of light in vacuum depends on the energy density of the “empty of matter space” (the medium of propagation of electromagnetic radiation), which, in turn, depends on the intensity of the gravitational field. The intensity of the gravitational field on the Earth’s surface remains the same (dominated by the Earth’s mass) when the Earth moves around the Sun and together with the solar system in the galaxy. That is why there is no difference in the speed of light in vacuum caused by the Earth’s motion through the “luminiferous ether” in its orbit around the Sun.

Therefore, the reason for the emergence of the special theory of relativity is both the inappropriate conceptual design of the interferometer used in the Michelson-Morley experiment and its interpretation by the mainstream of physics. The mainstream’s support also includes the fabrication of tests to confirm the validity of this theory, which, in this book, are analyzed and divided into three types.

The reason for the emergence of the other big problem in physics, the “accelerating expansion of the Universe”, despite the indisputably proven Newton’s law of universal gravitation, is the incorrect assumption of the existence of the “Doppler effect” in the case of electromagnetic radiation. This is the supposition of Vesto Slipher (the American astronomer who first reported the observed redshift in the spectrum of light coming from distant galaxies): that the “redshift” can be “due to the velocity”, i.e., due to the “Doppler effect”. The Doppler effect is an effect of mechanical waves, but not of electromagnetic radiation, which is a stream of immaterial small energy packets (quanta) radially propagating from the source into the propagation medium. The real explanation of the incorrectly called “Doppler radar” is explained in the book according to Schrödinger's dynamic interpretation.

To justify the “accelerating expansion of galaxies” despite the indisputably proven Newton’s law of universal gravitation, the fallacy of the existence of unjustifiably high percentages of “dark matter” in the Universe is accepted, as well as the myth of the existence of “dark energy”, the nature of which is inexplicable even to modern cosmologists themselves. The REAL reason for the “redshift” is due to the “ENERGY-SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP” presented in this book.