Licklider wrote in 1960 about the distance between “mechanically extended man” and “artificial intelligence,” and warned about the early direction of automation technology: “If we focus upon the human operator within the system, however, we see that, in some areas of technology, a fantastic change has taken place during the last few years. ‘Mechanical extension’ has given way to replacement of men, to automation, and the men who remain are there more to help than to be helped.