Aske Olsson

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    Git is different; instead of the regular file and patches list, Git records a snapshot of all the files tracked by Git and their paths relative to the repository root, that is, the files tracked by Git in the file system tree.
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    The way Git references the files and directories it tracks is directly built into the data model.
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    Git's object storage is a key-value storage, the key being the ID of the object and the value being the object itself. The key is an SHA-1 hash of the object, with some additional information such as size.
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    There are four types of objects in Git, branches (which are not objects, but are important), and the special HEAD pointer that refers to the branch/commit currently checked out.
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    Files, or blobs as they are also called in the Git context
    Directories, or trees in the Git context
    Commits
    Tags
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    We can verify that this is the latest commit by running git log -1
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    Normally, it is not used in everyday Git commands, but it is quite useful to investigate how it ties together the objects. We can also verify the output of git cat-file, by rehashing it with the Git command git hash-object; for example, if we want to verify the commit object at HEAD (34acc370b4d6ae53f051255680feaefaf7f7850d), we can run the following command:
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    The special notation HEAD^{tree} means that from the reference given, (HEAD) recursively dereferences the object at the reference until a tree object is found.
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    The add command, generally speaking, moves files from the working directory to the staging area, but more than this actually happens, though you don't see it.
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    When a file is moved to the staging area, the SHA-1 hash of the file is created and the blob object is written to Git's database.
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